Galileo Galilei free essay sample

Born: 15 Feb 1564 in Pisa ( now in Italy ) Died: 8 Jan 1642 in Arcetri ( near Florence ) ( now in Italy ) Galileo Galilei s parents were Vincenzo Galilei and Guilia Ammannati. Vincenzo, who was born in Florence in 1520, was a instructor of music and a all right luting participant. After analyzing music in Venice he carried out experiments on strings to back up his musical theories. Guilia, who was born in Pescia, married Vincenzo in 1563 and they made their place in the countryside near Pisa. Galileo was their first kid and spent his early old ages with his household in Pisa. In 1572, when Galileo was eight old ages old, his household returned to Florence, his male parent s place town. However, Galileo remained in Pisa and lived for two old ages with Muzio Tedaldi who was related to Galileo s female parent by matrimony. When he reached the age of 10, Galileo left Pisa to fall in his household in Florence and there he was tutored by Jacopo Borghini. We will write a custom essay sample on Galileo Galilei or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once he was old plenty to be educated in a monastery, his parents sent him to the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa which is situated on a magnificent forested hillside 33 km sou-east of Florence. The Camaldolese Order was independent of the Benedictine Order, dividing from it in about 1012. The Order combined the lone life of the anchorite with the rigorous life of the monastic and shortly the immature Galileo found this life an attractive 1. He became a novitiate, meaning to fall in the Order, but this did non delight his male parent who had already decided that his eldest boy should go a medical physician. Vincenzo had Galileo return from Vallombrosa to Florence and give up the thought of fall ining the Camaldolese order. He did go on his schooling in Florence, nevertheless, in a school run by the Camaldolese monastics. In 1581 Vincenzo sent Galileo back to Pisa to populate once more with Muzio Tedaldi and now to inscribe for a medical grade at the University of Pisa. Although the thought of a medical calling neer seems to hold appealed to Galileo, his male parent s want was a reasonably natural one since there had been a distinguished doctor in his household in the old century. Galileo neer seems to hold taken medical surveies earnestly, go toing classs on his existent involvements which were in mathematics and natural doctrine. His mathematics instructor at Pisa was Filippo Fantoni, who held the chair of mathematics. Galileo returned to Florence for the summer holidaies and there continued to analyze mathematics. In the twelvemonth 1582-83 Ostilio Ricci, who was the mathematician of the Tuscan Court and a former student of Tartaglia, taught a class on Euclid s Elementss at the University of Pisa which Galileo attended. During the summer of 1583 Galileo was back in Firenze with his household and Vincenzo encouraged him to read Galen to foster his medical surveies. However Galileo, still loath to analyze medical specialty, invited Ricci ( besides in Florence where the Tuscan tribunal spent the summer and fall ) to his place to run into his male parent. Ricci tried to carry Vincenzo to let his boy to analyze mathematics since this was where his involvements lay. Surely Vincenzo did non like the thought and resisted strongly but finally he gave manner a small and Galileo was able to analyze the plants of Euclid and Archimedes from the Italian interlingual renditions which Tartaglia had made. Of class he was still officially enrolled as a medical pupil at Pisa but finally, by 1585, he gave up this class and left without finishing his grade. Galileo began learning mathematics, foremost in private in Florence and so during 1585-86 at Sienna where he held a public assignment. During the summer of 1586 he taught at Vallombrosa, and in this twelvemonth he wrote his first scientific book The small balance [ La Balancitta ] which described Archimedes method of happening the specific gravitations ( that is the comparative densenesss ) of substances utilizing a balance. In the undermentioned twelvemonth he travelled to Rome to see Clavius who was professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano at that place. A subject which was really popular with the Jesuit mathematicians at this clip was Centres of gravitation and Galileo brought with him some consequences which he had discovered on this subject. Despite doing a really favorable feeling on Clavius, Galileo failed to derive an assignment to learn mathematics at the University of Bologna. After go forthing Rome Galileo remained in contact with Clavius by correspondence and Guidobaldo del Monte was besides a regular letter writer. Surely the theorems which Galileo had proved on the Centres of gravitation of solids, and left in Rome, were discussed in this correspondence. It is besides likely that Galileo received lecture notes from classs which had been given at the Collegio Romano, for he made transcripts of such stuff which still survive today. The correspondence began around 1588 and continued for many old ages. Besides in 1588 Galileo received a esteemed invitation to talk on the dimensions and location of snake pit in Dante s Inferno at the Academy in Florence. Fantoni left the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589 and Galileo was appointed to make full the station ( although this was merely a nominal place to supply fiscal support for Galileo ) . Not merely did he have strong recommendations from Clavius, but he besides had acquired an first-class repute through his talks at the Florence Academy in the old twelvemonth. The immature mathematician had quickly acquired the repute that was necessary to derive such a place, but there were still higher places at which he might take. Galileo spent three old ages keeping this station at the university of Pisa and during this clip he wrote De Motu a series of essays on the theory of gesture which he neer published. It is likely that he neer published this stuff because he was less than satisfied with it, and this is just for despite incorporating some of import stairss frontward, it besides contained some wrong thoughts. Possibly the most of import new thoughts which De Motu contai ns is that one can prove theories by carry oning experiments. In peculiar the work contains his of import thought that one could prove theories about falling organic structures utilizing an inclined plane to decelerate down the rate of descent. In 1591 Vincenzo Galilei, Galileo s male parent, died and since Galileo was the eldest boy he had to supply fiscal support for the remainder of the household and in peculiar have the necessary fiscal agencies to supply doweries for his two younger sisters. Bing professor of mathematics at Pisa was non good paid, so Galileo looked for a more moneymaking station. With strong recommendations from Guidobaldo del Monte, Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Padua ( the university of the Republic of Venice ) in 1592 at a wage of three times what he had received at Pisa. On 7 December 1592 he gave his inaugural talk and began a period of 18 old ages at the university, old ages which he subsequently described as the happiest of his life. At Padua his responsibilities were chiefly to learn Euclid s geometry and criterion ( geocentric ) uranology to medical pupils, who would necessitate to cognize some uranology in order to do usage of star divination in their med ical pattern. However, Galileo argued against Aristotle s position of uranology and natural doctrine in three public lectures he gave in connexion with the visual aspect of a New Star ( now known as Kepler s supernova ) in 1604. The belief at this clip was that of Aristotle, viz. that all alterations in the celestial spheres had to happen in the lunar part near to the Earth, the kingdom of the fixed stars being lasting. Galileo used parallax statements to turn out that the New Star could non be near to the Earth. In a personal missive written to Kepler in 1598, Galileo had stated that he was a Copernican ( truster in the theories of Copernicus ) . However, no public mark of this belief was to look until many old ages subsequently. At Padua, Galileo began a long term relationship with Maria Gamba, who was from Venice, but they did non get married possibly because Galileo felt his fiscal state of affairs was non good plenty. In 1600 their first kid Virginia was born, followed by a 2nd girl Livia in the undermentioned twelvemonth. In 1606 their boy Vincenzo was born. We mentioned above an mistake in Galileo s theory of gesture as he set it out in De Motu around 1590. He was rather mistaken in his belief that the force moving on a organic structure was the comparative difference between its specific gravitation and that of the substance through which it moved. Galileo wrote to his friend Paolo Sarpi, a all right mathematician who was consultor to the Venetian authorities, in 1604 and it is clear from his missive that by this clip he had realised his error. In fact he had returned to work on the theory of gesture in 1602 and over the undermentioned two old ages, through his survey of inclined planes and the pendulum, he had formulated the right jurisprudence of falling organic structures and had worked out that a missile follows a parabolic way. However, these celebrated consequences would non be published for another 35 old ages. In May 1609, Galileo received a missive from Paolo Sarpi stating him about a field glass that a Dutchman had shown in Venice. Galileo wrote in the Starry Messenger ( Sidereus Nuncius ) in April 1610: Approximately 10 months ago a study reached my ears that a certain Fleming had constructed a field glass by agencies of which seeable objects, though really distant from the oculus of the perceiver, were clearly seen as if nearby. Of this truly singular consequence several experiences were related, to which some individuals believed while other denied them. A few yearss subsequently the study was confirmed by a missive I received from a Frenchman in Paris, Jacques Badovere, which caused me to use myself wholeheartedly to look into agencies by which I might get at the innovation of a similar instrument. This I did shortly afterwards, my footing being the philosophy of refraction. From these studies, and utilizing his ain proficient accomplishments as a mathematician and as a craftsman, Galileo began to do a series of telescopes whose optical public presentation was much better than that of the Dutch instrument. His first telescope was made from available lenses and gave a magnification of approximately four times. To better on this Galileo learned how to crunch and smooth his ain lenses and by August 1609 he had an instrument with a magnification of around eight or nine. Galileo instantly saw the commercial and military applications of his telescope ( which he called a perspicillum ) for ships at sea. He kept Sarpi informed of his advancement and Sarpi arranged a presentation for the Venetian Senate. They were really impressed and, in return for a big addition in his wage, Galileo gave the exclusive rights for the industry of telescopes to the Venetian Senate. It seems a peculiarly good move on his portion since he must hold known that such rights were nonmea ningful, peculiarly since he ever acknowledged that the telescope was non his innovation! By the terminal of 1609 Galileo had turned his telescope on the dark sky and began to do singular finds. Swerdlow writes ( see [ 16 ] ) : In approximately two months, December and January, he made more finds that changed the universe than anyone has of all time made before or since. The astronomical finds he made with his telescopes were described in a short book called the Starry Messenger published in Venice in May 1610. This work caused a esthesis. Galileo claimed to hold seen mountains on the Moon, to hold proved the Milky Way was made up of bantam stars, and to hold seen four little organic structures revolving Jupiter. These last, with an oculus to acquiring a place in Florence, he rapidly named the Medicean stars . He had besides sent Cosimo de Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, an first-class telescope for himself. The Venetian Senate, possibly gaining that the rights to fabricate telescopes that Galileo had given them were worthless, froze his wage. However he had succeeded in affecting Cosimo and, in June 1610, merely a month after his celebrated small book was published, Galileo resigned his station at Padua and became Chief Mathematician at the University of Pisa ( without any teaching responsibilities ) and Mathematician and Philosopher to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1611 he visited Rome where he was treated as a prima famous person ; the Collegio Romano put on a expansive dinner with addresss to honor Galileo s singular finds. He was besides made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei ( in fact the 6th member ) and this was an honor which was particularly of import to Galileo who signed himself Galileo Galilei Linceo from this clip on. While in Rome, and after his return to Florence, Galileo continued to do Ob servations with his telescope. Already in the Starry Messenger he had given unsmooth periods of the four Moons of Jupiter, but more precise computations were surely non easy since it was hard to place from an observation which Moon was I, which was II, which III, and which IV. He made a long series of observations and was able to give accurate periods by 1612. At one phase in the computations he became really puzzled since the information he had recorded seemed inconsistent, but he had forgotten to take into history the gesture of the Earth round the Sun. Galileo foremost turned his telescope on Saturn on 25 July 1610 and it appeared as three organic structures ( his telescope was non good plenty to demo the rings but made them look as lobes on either side of the planet ) . Continued observations were perplexing so to Galileo as the organic structures on either side of Saturn vanished when the ring system was edge on. Besides in 1610 he discovered that, when seen in the telescope, the planet Venus showed stages like those of the Moon, and hence must revolve the Sun non the Earth. This did non enable one to make up ones mind between the Copernican system, in which everything goes round the Sun, and that proposed by Tycho Brahe in which everything but the Earth ( and Moon ) goes round the Sun which in bend goes round the Earth. Most uranologists of the clip in fact favoured Brahe s system and so separating between the two by experiment was beyond the instruments of the twenty-four hours. However, Galileo knew that all his finds were gro unds for Copernicanism, although non a cogent evidence. In fact it was his theory of falling organic structures which was the most important in this regard, for oppositions of a traveling Earth argued that if the Earth rotated and a organic structure was dropped from a tower it should fall behind the tower as the Earth rotated while it fell. Since this was non observed in pattern this was taken as strong grounds that the Earth was stationary. However Galileo already knew that a organic structure would fall in the ascertained mode on a revolving Earth. Other observations made by Galileo included the observation of maculas. He reported these in Discourse on drifting organic structures which he published in 1612 and more to the full in Letterss on the maculas which appeared in 1613. In the undermentioned twelvemonth his two girls entered the Franciscan Convent of St Matthew outside Florence, Virginia taking the name Sister Maria Celeste and Livia the name Sister Arcangela. Since they had been born outside of matrimony, Galileo believed that they themselves should neer get married. Although Galileo put frontward many radical right theories, he was non right in all instances. In peculiar when three comets appeared in 1618 he became involved in a contention sing the nature of comets. He argued that they were near to the Earth and caused by optical refraction. A serious effect of this unfortunate statement was that the Jesuits began to see Galileo as a unsafe opposition. Despite his private support for Copernicanism, Galileo tried to avoid contention by non doing public statements on the issue. However he was drawn into the contention through Castelli who had been appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa in 1613. Castelli had been a pupil of Galileo s and he was besides a protagonist of Copernicus. At a meeting in the Medici castle in Florence in December 1613 with the Grand Duke Cosimo II and his female parent the Grand Duchess Christina of Lorraine, Castelli was asked to explicate the evident contradictions between the Copernican theory and Holy Scripture. Castelli defended the Copernican place smartly and wrote to Galileo afterwards stating him how successful he had been in seting the statements. Galileo, less convinced that Castelli had won the statement, wrote Letter to Castelli to him reasoning that the Bible had to be interpreted in the visible radiation of what scientific discipline had shown to be true. Galileo had several oppositions i n Florence and they made sure that a transcript of the Letter to Castelli was sent to the Inquisition in Rome. However, after analyzing its contents they found little to which they could object. The Catholic Church s most of import figure at this clip in covering with readings of the Holy Scripture was Cardinal Robert Bellarmine. He seems at this clip to hold seen small ground for the Church to be concerned sing the Copernican theory. The point at issue was whether Copernicus had merely put frontward a mathematical theory which enabled the computation of the places of the celestial organic structures to be made more merely or whether he was suggesting a physical world. At this clip Bellarmine viewed the theory as an elegant mathematical one which did non endanger the established Christian belief sing the construction of the existence. In 1616 Galileo wrote the Letter to the Grand Duchess which smartly attacked the followings of Aristotle. In this work, which he addressed to the Grand Duchess Christina of Lorraine, he argued strongly for a non-literal reading of Holy Scripture when the actual reading would belie facts about the physical universe proved by mathematical scientific discipline. In this Galileo stated rather clearly that for him the Copernican theory is non merely a mathematical calculating tool, but is a physical world: I hold that the Sun is located at the Centre of the revolutions of the celestial eyeball and does non alter topographic point, and that the Earth rotates on itself and moves around it. Furthermore I confirm this position non merely by rebuting Ptolemy s and Aristotle s statements, but besides by bring forthing many for the other side, particularly some pertaining to physical effects whose causes possibly can non be determined in any other manner, and other astronomical finds ; these finds clearly confute the Ptolemaic system, and they agree laudably with this other place and confirm it. Pope Paul V ordered Bellarmine to hold the Sacred Congregation of the Index make up ones mind on the Copernican theory. The cardinals of the Inquisition met on 24 February 1616 and took grounds from theological experts. They condemned the instructions of Copernicus, and Bellarmine conveyed their determination to Galileo who had non been personally involved in the test. Galileo was forbidden to keep Copernican positions but ulterior events made him less concerned about this determination of the Inquisition. Most significantly Maffeo Barberini, who was an supporter of Galileo, was elected as Pope Urban VIII. This happened merely as Galileo s book Il saggiatore ( The Assayer ) was about to be published by the Accademia dei Lincei in 1623 and Galileo was speedy to give this work to the new Pope. The work described Galileo s new scientific method and contains a celebrated quotation mark sing mathematics: Doctrine is written in this expansive book, the existence, which stands continually unfastened to our regard. But the book can non be understood unless one first learns to grok the linguistic communication and read the characters in which it is written. It is written in the linguistic communication of mathematics, and its characters are trigons, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a individual word of it ; without these one is rolling in a dark maze. Pope Urban VIII invited Galileo to papal audiences on six occasions and led Galileo to believe that the Catholic Church would non do an issue of the Copernican theory. Galileo, hence, decided to print his positions believing that he could make so without serious effects from the Church. However by this phase in his life Galileo s wellness was hapless with frequent turns of terrible unwellness and so even though he began to compose his celebrated Dialogue in 1624 it took him six old ages to finish the work. Galileo attempted to obtain permission from Rome to print the Dialogue in 1630 but this did non turn out easy. Finally he received permission from Florence, and non Rome. In February 1632 Galileo published Dialogue Refering the Two Chief Systems of the World Ptolemaic and Copernican. It takes the signifier of a duologue between Salviati, who argues for the Copernican system, and Simplicio who is an Aristotelean philosopher. The flood tide of the book is an statement by Salviati that the Earth moves which was based on Galileo s theory of the tides. Galileo s theory of the tides was wholly false despite being postulated after Kepler had already put frontward the right account. It was unfortunate, given the singular truths the Dialogue supported, that the statement which Galileo thought to give the strongest cogent evidence of Copernicus s theory should be wrong. Shortly after publication of Dialogue Refering the Two Chief Systems of the World Ptolemaic and Copernican the Inquisition banned its sale and ordered Galileo to look in Rome before them. Illness prevented him from going to Rome until 1633. Galileo s accusal at the test which followed was that he had breached the conditions laid down by the Inquisition in 1616. However a different version of this determination was produced at the test instead than the one Galileo had been given at the clip. The truth of the Copernican theory was non an issue hence ; it was taken as a fact at the test that this theory was false. This was logical, of class, since the opinion of 1616 had declared it wholly false. Found guilty, Galileo was condemned to lifelong imprisonment, but the sentence was carried out slightly sympathetically and it amounted to house apprehension instead than a prison sentence. He was able to populate foremost with the Archbishop of Siena, so subsequently to return to his place in Arcetri, near Florence, but had to pass the remainder of his life watched over by officers from the Inquisition. In 1634 he suffered a terrible blow when his girl Virginia, Sister Maria Celeste, died. She had been a great support to her male parent through his unwellnesss and Galileo was shattered and could non work for many months. When he did pull off to re-start work, he began to compose Discourses and mathematical presentations refering the two new scientific disciplines. After Galileo had completed work on the Discourses it was smuggled out of Italy, and taken to Leyden in Holland where it was published. It was his most strict mathematical work which treated jobs on drift, minutes, and Centres of gravitation. Much of this work went back to the unpublished thoughts in De Motu from around 1590 and the betterments which he had worked out during 1602-1604. In the Discourses he developed his thoughts of the inclined plane authorship: I assume that the velocity acquired by the same movable object over different dispositions of the plane are equal whenever the highs of those planes are equal. He so described an experiment utilizing a pendulum to verify his belongings of inclined planes and used these thoughts to give a theorem on acceleration of organic structures in free autumn: The clip in which a certain distance is traversed by an object traveling under unvarying acceleration from remainder is equal to the clip in which the same distance would be traversed by the same movable object traveling at a unvarying velocity of one half the maximal and concluding velocity of the old uniformly accelerated gesture. After giving farther consequences of this type he gives his celebrated consequence that the distance that a organic structure moves from remainder under unvarying acceleration is relative to the square of the clip taken. One would anticipate that Galileo s apprehension of the pendulum, which he had since he was a immature adult male, would hold led him to plan a pendulum clock. In fact he merely seems to hold thought of this possibility near the terminal of his life and around 1640 he did plan the first pendulum clock. Galileo died in early 1642 but the significance of his clock design was surely realised by his boy Vincenzo who tried to do a clock to Galileo s program, but failed. It was a sad terminal for so great a adult male to decease condemned of unorthodoxy. His will bespeak that he wished to be buried beside his male parent in the household grave in the Basilica of Santa Croce but his relations feared, rather justly, that this would arouse resistance from the Church. His organic structure was concealed and merely placed in a all right grave in the church in 1737 by the civil governments against the wants of many in the Church. On 31 October 1992, 350 old ages after Galileo s decease, Pope John Paul II gave an reference on behalf of the Catholic Church in which he admitted that mistakes had been made by the theological advisers in the instance of Galileo. He declared the Galileo instance closed, but he did non acknowledge that the Church was incorrect to convict Galileo on a charge of unorthodoxy because of his belief that the Earth rotates round the Sun. J J OConnor and E F Robertson

3 Sentences with Hyphenation Problems

3 Sentences with Hyphenation Problems 3 Sentences with Hyphenation Problems 3 Sentences with Hyphenation Problems By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, one or more hyphens is missing from a phrasal adjective, but another solution is available: A relaxation of the syntax is recommended, as explained following each example and demonstrated in a subsequent revision. 1. We can expect to see lighter touch regulation in the banking sector. The hyphenation problem here is a lack of a hyphen- â€Å"lighter touch,† as a phrasal adjective modifying regulation, should be hyphenated: â€Å"We can expect to see lighter-touch regulation in the banking sector.† Better yet, however, because of the somewhat obscure expression, it might be better to introduce the phrasal adjective as a modifying phrase following the noun: â€Å"We can expect to see regulation with a lighter touch in the banking sector.† 2. It is not unreasonable to question whether a Republican majority backed replacement plan is possible going forward.   The three words preceding the phrase â€Å"replacement plan† unite to provide more detail about the plan and should therefore be styled as a phrasal adjective, with hyphens connecting the words: â€Å"It is not unreasonable to question whether a Republican-majority-backed replacement plan is possible going forward.† However, this treatment is somewhat cumbersome, so a solution equivalent to the one in the previous example is merited: â€Å"It is not unreasonable to question whether a replacement plan backed by a Republican majority is possible going forward.† 3. The risks may not manifest themselves over an annual period or a three to five-year planning horizon. The phrasal adjective preceding â€Å"planning horizon, with an implied instance of year after the first number as well (and similarly hyphenated if year explicitly appears), requires suspensive hyphenation: â€Å"The risks may not manifest themselves over an annual period or a three- to five-year planning horizon.† However, to mitigate the complexity of the sentence, consider placing the modifying phrase after the noun, with hyphen(s) omitted: â€Å"The risks may not manifest themselves over an annual period or a planning horizon of three to five years.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words50 Idioms About Fruits and VegetablesIs Your Novel "Mystery," "Thriller," or "Suspense"?

FE College teaching Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FE College teaching - Case Study Example This report will first of all have an intrinsic approach to some of the literature prior to the Learning and Skills Act (2000) and the Success for All policy (2002), especially to Ann Briggs and her analysis on the role of middle managers in further education. Subsequently, following on an account of the general demographic and social variables that characterize the population of West London, we will be aiming at drawing relevant conclusions on the influence that the Learning and Skills Act and the Success for All programme has on constant improvement of teaching here. The second part of the paper will aim an unbiased approach on competition vs. collaboration between the FE College I teach in and other relevant Post Compulsory units in the area, drawing on relevant conclusions to support good practice related to quality improvement. Before the two important reforms in 2000 and 2002 previously mentioned referring to FE units, change began during the 90s, when the FE colleges in Britain were made independent of the Local Education Authority (LEA) in terms of control over finance or human resource. This meant both that the FE colleges were fully responsible both for the proper management of functions such as finance or human resource and that (especially after the creation of the Further Education Funding College in 2001) they had to managerially perform in order to be eligible for funding3. In the context of our paper, this has several different implications. First of all, we can point out towards the need for constant quality improvement and improvement of the overall performance at the FE colleges. Second of all, we note the development of a certain competition between different colleges in the same area, the need to perform well in the college evaluations and inspections and improve their ratings with the FE Funding College (relevant for our second part, referring to competition vs. collaboration between colleges). The first implication we have referred to has lead to significant literature in the area of defining the concepts of managerialism and professionalism, initially described by Lumby and Tomlinson as "oppositional cultures"4. As Briggs further points out, there are several levels of accountability that need to be remembered when referring to FE colleges and their performances. There is the political accountability (use of public funds), market accountability (responsible to the market, the customers, the stakeholders), professional or cultural accountability5. Following the Success for All program of 2002, the main goals that the program approached included a (1) reform in pattern so that it meets the future needs of learners, employers and communities, (2) a drive up of standards of further education and training and (3) to ensure that the final recipients of public funding (the FE colleges) "deliver a distinctive and effective contribution" to the Government's educational strategies6. The Learning and Skills Act of 2000 follows, more or less, the same direction (or rather lays it out), bearing additional administrative components with the creation and the definition of

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan Assignment

PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT - Project Plan - Assignment Example It contains the project plan developed for Anglia Tower, a proposed commercial tower on the 125,000 square metres Southwark plot. The report lists the responsibilities of the project manager of Project Anglia Tower; the structure of the organisation; the stakeholders involved; the project life cycle; the possible work scheduling and cost budgeting methods; and quality, risk and communication management plans. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 2 Project manager’s responsibilities 5 Project Overview 6 Objectives of the project 7 Project organisation 8 Organisation Chart 8 Stakeholders 8 Work to be performed 10 Start-up 10 Planning 11 Executing 12 Terminating 12 Schedule Information 12 Budgeting 14 Project management support tools 15 Monitoring plans 17 Quality management plan 17 Risk management plan 18 Communication management plan 19 Reference List 21 Project manager’s responsibilities A project manager would be chosen to head the construction proje ct. The project manager would be in charge of overall management of the construction as well as for other aspects such as co-operation between teams, timely completion and positive work environment. The detailed responsibilities of the project manager are (University of Glasgow, 2013; Project Smart, 2013): 1. Facilitate co-ordination between different arms of the project and ensure smooth transition from one process to another 2. Regularly evaluate project progress and team productivity to make sure the work goes as per specifications 3. Manage conflicts among team members to make sure the project is prioritised higher than personal problems 4. Provide leadership and guidance to the entire project team 5. Manage relations with the stakeholders and keep them duly informed of work progress 6. Provide clear directions to team members and ensure there is no ambiguity in interpreting what is to be done 7. Motivate team members to deliver their best performance 8. Discuss clearly with mem bers whenever there is an issue, a change in plan or a difference between stakeholder’s expectations and results 9. Anticipate, control and mitigate risks that arise during carrying out the project 10. Ensure that work is going on as per project schedule and there is no delay in completion 11. Manage project costs to ensure that it does not exceed the budget 12. Utilise the allocated resources in a planned manner to make sure all the desired achievable are met 13. Procure raw materials and equipments as per need and routinely conduct quality inspection to ensure there are no compromises made on the quality of the project 14. Conduct meetings with stakeholders if there are instances of cost overruns or time delay 15. Ensure the safety of all the workers and other members of the team 16. Maintain a record of all equipments and materials procured, used, in use and in inventory 17. Manage logistics inflow and outflow to and from the project site Project Overview British Construct ion Works is one of the medium-sized construction companies in the British Isles, having presence in housing and commercial space construction and road works. Since its inception in 1991, it has completed over 100 projects in just 22 years. Recently, the Greater London Authority (GLA) has issued a tender for the construction of a new tower slated for commercial usage. Situated in Southwark, the 125,000 square metre plot earmarked for the project occupies a prominent location within London and is in close proximity with

Explore peter hollindales claim that peter pan retains its magical Essay

Explore peter hollindales claim that peter pan retains its magical elasticity and its ongoing modernity with reference to differ - Essay Example Indeed, Peter Hollindale argues that whilst some 20th century literature is best interpreted within its historical backdrop; Peter Pan remains relevant (Hollindale, 2005). To this end, Hollindale posits that â€Å"Peter Pan retains its magical elasticity and its ongoing modernity† and this paper critically evaluates this statement with specific reference to different versions of Peter Pan since its original production. In supporting his argument, Hollindale refers to the centenary of the first performance of Peter Pan, which was marked throughout various media modes in the UK from television to radio. However Hollindale refers to the argument of drama critic Michael Billington that whilst television is often fixated with the first half of the 20th century; the continued importance accorded to Peter Pan in production is justified due to the character providing a microcosm of human nature particularly in respect of obsession with youth (Hollindale, 2005). For example, Peter Pan arguably symbolises a wealth of different universal elements tied to childhood which transcends time to sustain contemporary relevance. Moreover, it is submitted that the emotional needs of a child remains the same regardless of culture, history, and environment (Rose, 1993). This is further reflected through Barrie’s narrative as academic commentary has opined that Barrie's desire in writing Peter Pan was to write about the adventures of his own childhood mixing it with fantasy (Rose, 1993). He was highly influenced by his mother's non-acceptance of his elder brother’s death and constantly dressed in his clothing to make his mother happy. This marked him for life and contributed to one of Peter Pan's attributes of never wanting to grow up. In turn Peter Pan remains a paradoxical figure, where he symbolises eternal youth on the one hand; which are juxtaposed against the ramifications of not growing up within the backdrop of the harsh world (Rose, 1993 ). Other childhoo d experiences which seen in the narrative play The Boy Casteways, which was influential in determining other important elements (Rose, 1993). For example, it is submitted that Neverland was the Black Lake Island and Tinkerbell was a firefly. Additionally, Nana was the Saint Bernard dog, Llewellyn Davies, P, the boy Casteways. Moreover, by the time Peter Pan was published in 1904, Barrie had become a prolific play writer in London, with Peter Pan featuring prominently in Barrie’s characteristic fusion of social commentary and fantasy (Barrie 1927). Additionally, the consistent narrative of the Peter Pan story reflects the consistency of the quest for eternal youth and issues impacting childhood, which remain universally applicable (Rose, 1993). For example, the story of Peter Pan never changes and the lives of Wendy, John and Michael consists of rules, school, playing make believe, baths, rules, parents, and beds. They have their own make believe lives where they tell stories about pirates and adventures. Every child has his own Neverland, a concise place in his mind where he has his own private thoughts and fears. One night they are awakened suddenly and three children, who are bored with their lives, are invited on the adventure of their life. They leave as children, seeing their lives through the small key lock of their room; and come back seeing life through the

Defamation And Free Speech In England And Russia Law Essay

Defamation And Free Speech In England And Russia Law Essay The basis of modern society is formed by the fundamental human right of freedom of speech. The importance of having this fundamental right is immense. In order for this world to continue modernizing, it is very important to let every individual voice his/her opinion. However, in certain situations what one person says (intentionally or unintentionally) might harm the reputation of another person. I believe that defamation law and freedom of speech are two different sides of the same coin. They always go together, yet talk about two contradicting concepts. If freedom of speech gives everyone the right to express themselves, then defamation limits this right, in order to protect the reputation of individuals from being harmed. Every country has its own coin which is unique in its own way. This means that every legal system has its own way of evaluating freedom of speech and defamation law. Therefore, I think, it will be interesting to make compare the defamation law in the Russian lega l system and the defamation law in the English legal system, as they are both part of completely different legal traditions. By examining these two different jurisdictions, I will try to evaluate whether defamation law infringes the fundamental human right of speech. Defamation law in England: General overview (Defamation and Free Speech): Defamation is quite different from the other torts because, unlike the others it protects something that is indistinct; it protects the claimants reputation (not personal safety or personal integrity, unlike the other torts). Since it protects something so abstract, it can be difficult to actually reach a fair conclusion. Thus, the question here arises that what is defamatory and did it really harm the reputation of the claimant. It should be clarified as to what is actually meant by harm the reputation of the claimant. This phrase means that certain comments/statements have caused the claimant to be avoided and shunned by the right-thinking members of the society. Defamation can be made in two forms, either libel (i.e. permanent/written form) or slander (i.e. auditory form). In order to give rise to liability in defamation the claimant has to mainly prove three things. Firstly, the statement has to be defamatory (i.e. should harm the reputation of the claimant). Secondly, the claimant also has to prove that the statement was in fact referring to the claimant and not someone else. Thirdly, the defamatory statement was demonstrated to a third party (by third party, it is meant at least one other person). Moreover, in cases of slander the claimant also has to prove that the statement caused actual damage (i.e. financial loss). Once the claimant proves these things, the burden of proof falls on the defendant, because the statement(s) is/are presumed to be false.  [1]   When it comes to human rights, especially free speech, many critics believe that the English legal system does a poor job of protecting it. The main reason is believed to be the fact the Great Britain does not have a written constitution. Therefore, the interpretation of human rights lies in the hands of the judges (who can be very subjective). However, things have changed slightly since the introduction of European Human Rights Convention and 1998 Human Rights Act, both of which have helped the English law to develop and also clarify certain points. Nevertheless in certain situations it can be seen that the English law still struggles to provide justice to these acts  [2]  . This was the case in R v Shayler, where Mr. Shayler, a former member of the Security Service, disclosed that MI5 kept files on future labour ministers, alleged incompetence relating to the IRA bombing of Bishopsgate in the City of London in 1993, and the bombing of the Israeli embassy in London a year later, and that MI6 was involved in a plot to assassinate the Libyan leader, Muammar Gadafy, in 1995. The defence of Mr. Shayler was based on the freedom of expression and public interest. He was charged under the Official Secrets Act 1989 which prohibited any member of the security and intelligence services, from disclosing any information about his/her work. However, according to Mr. Shayler this act was incompatible with article 10 of the Convention and it violated his right of free speech. Nonetheless, the House of Lords decided unanimously to dismiss his appeal  [3]  . Consequently, I personally believe that it can be seen from the type of information Mr. Shayler disclosed, that he acted in public interest. Defences: Defences are given more importance in defamation than in other aspects of tort. The defences are given such immense importance, in order to avoid violating the constitutional right of free speech. Moreover, it is not very difficult for the claimant to establish the elements of defamation. Once the claimant established the elements, it is up to the defendant to prove his/her innocence. Therefore, defences are of enormous importance. There are certain defences which help the defendant to do so, for example, Justification (truth), privilege, fair comment and defence of innocent publication under s. 1 Defamation Act 1996. Other than these defences, there are some others, which help the defendant to remove the liability, for example, offer of amends under s.2 Defamation Act 1996 and expiry of limitation period  [4]  . Since the statement made by the claimant is assumed to be false, the defence of justification tells that whatever the defendant published was true and thus the claimant has no right to complain about true statements which lower his/her reputation. Moreover, if the defendant has made a number of distinct charges against the claimant, then it will be sufficient that the defendant proves the truth of most of the charges such that the other statements do not injure the claimants reputation materially. Defamatory statements made on a privileged occasion are not actionable. Privileged occasions are those, where public interest in freedom of speech is such that it overrules any concerns as to the effect of this freedom on the claimants reputation.  [5]  There are two types of privileges, absolute and qualified. Absolute privilege applies to statements made in Parliament, court hearings, any document ordered to be published by House of Parliament and communications between certain officers of state. Qualified privilege applies to an occasion where the person who makes a communication has an interest or a duty (legal, social, or moral) to make it to the person to whom it is so made has a corresponding interest or duty to receive it.  [6]  The rationale for this is said to be the common convenience and welfare of society. Unlike absolute privilege, the defence of qualified privilege will be defeated if malice is proved. Fair comment protects the defendants right to criticize the claimant, which is why the defendant does not have to show that his/her words are true. However, this right to criticize is kept within strict boundaries. In order to qualify for this defence the defendant must prove that he/she was acting in public interest. Moreover the defendant should also show that the statement was based upon a set of facts and that the defendant honestly held that opinion. If a person was involuntarily or unknowingly involved in the process of publication of the defamatory material, then the defence of innocent publication (under s.1 of DA 1996) will apply to him/her. The defendant should prove that he/she took reasonable care in relation to the statements publication. Moreover, he/she should also prove that he/she had no reason whatsoever to believe that his/her actions caused or contributed to the publication of a defamatory statement. This defence cannot be applied to the author, editor or publisher. If the defendant has unintentionally defamed the claimant, then he/she can make an offer of amends (i.e. publish an apology). If the claimant accepts this offer then the proceedings would end, however, if the claimant refuses to accept it, then this would become a defence for the defendant. The expiry of the limitation period cannot be really regarded as a defence; it is more of an assertion that the claimant has run out of time to bring his/her claims for defamation. It is obvious from the defences mentioned above, that English law tries to take reasonable care to protect free speech from being violated. However, the question which arises here is whether these defences are enough. I personally think that it is not enough, because despite the strong defences there are still some major glitches in the system. The main example would be the unnecessarily high costs of bringing up a defamation lawsuit. Since legal aid is not available, the cost of hiring a lawyer is relatively high. This leads us to think that defamation law is only for the rich and the poor cannot seek justice from it. Defamation in Russian Law General Overview (defamation and free speech): In the Russian legal system, up until the last decade of 20th century, defamation was a part of the criminal law. The Russian Criminal Code contains five articles which deal with defamation. In order to sue for criminal defamation the claimant must prove that the statement was made with malicious intent to harm the claimants reputation. Furthermore, the claimant must also prove that the defendant knew that the statement was false. In the past two decades, due to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian law underwent some major reforms, such as the introduction of defamation in civil law. Civil defamation is covered by various articles of the Russian Civil Code. According to article 152 of the Civil Code, the elements required in order to establish civil defamation are: dissemination of information, information must be defamatory; the information must be false, the information should be of factual nature, and the information should be referring to the claimant. The claimant only needs to prove that the statement was published, other than this the burden of proof falls on the defendant. Defences  [7]  : Russian civil defamation law mainly focuses on how to deal with the defendant who is found guilty. This can be seen in the emphasis placed by these requirements on the grounds for bringing a defamation lawsuit, how the defamatory statement will be refuted and how the compensation should be awarded. The main problem with these rules is that they contain very little information on how the defendant may defend him/herself. The defences are provided under international law. First, a defendant should be given a fair opportunity to prove that the statement made by him/her is true. If the defendant succeeds in doing so, it removes liability from the defendant. Second, if the statement was made in public interest and it was reasonable in all circumstances for the defendant to publish the information in the form he/she did, then the defendant can benefit from the defence of reasonable publication. Finally, the defendant cannot be liable if the statement actually expresses his/her opinion. An opinion is defined as a statement which does not include any factual expression or cannot reasonably be interpreted as a fact, because of the language or context. Evaluation: Defamation law and free speech are both equally important concepts in our society. One persons right of free speech should be balanced against another persons right to being protected against being defamed by lies. Therefore it is crucial to exercise freedom of speech and defamation law helps to do so. I personally believe, that defamation law is one of the most important part of tort law, since it protects people against those false statements which might harm their reputation. Moreover, defamation law tries its level best not to infringe free speech. The defences used in defamation law try to create a balance between freedom of speech and defamation. However, in certain cases freedom of speech ends up getting violated. In England free speech is fundamental human right which is granted by the common law and protected by the statute law. Provisions are taken by the judiciary in order to avoid violating the constitutional right of freedom of speech. This can be seen in English defamation law, which has a lot of defences which help the defendant to protect his/her interests (i.e. free speech). However, compared to other common law countries, for example USA, the English defamation law has some glitches. The main example would be placing the burden of proof on the defendant or assuming that the statement made by the defendant is false. I think that this places the defendant in an unfair position. In Russian law, the defences are very limited and the punishment is greater because defamation in Russian law is regarded as a criminal offence in certain cases. I think that defamation should not be regarded as a criminal offence under any circumstances because it creates an impermissible chilling effect stemming the flow of protected speech.  [8]  Moreover, the burden of proof shifts improperly, thus, requiring the defendant to prove his/her innocence. I believe that Russian defamation law needs to cut out defamation from criminal law completely. It can be seen that compared to English defamation law; Russian defamation law limits free speech to a greater extent. The main reasons are limited number of defences and defamation being a part of the criminal law. However, the Russian law has tried to improve the situation by implementing defamation in their Civil Code. The result of my research says, that despite the fact that the defences help to minimize the negative effect of defamation law on free speech it can be said that almost every legal system infringes free speech to some extent. The main reason for this is limited number of defences (in the case of Russian law) and in some cases the judges tend to favour the protection of reputation more than free speech.

A Case Study of the International Finance Corporation in Nigeria :: Economics Business Case Study Essays

IFC Mission- ‘To promote sustainable private sector investment in developing countries.’ â€Å"The World Bank’s role, in my opinion, is to help improve the business environment in the developing countries so that the private sector can drive growth.†- Mr. Peter Woicke, Executive Vice President of the World Bank Group (WBG) in charge of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) - Lagos, August 2004. At the time Mr. Woicke was speaking, IFC involvement in Nigeria had reached $200million in investment commitments, a figure quickly surpassed in less than a year from that date (as at June 2005, IFC investment in Nigeria was to the tune of $290million). This was in spite of the fact that only five short years before (in 1999), IFC was doing practically no business in Nigeria and merely had a functional working office in Lagos. Mr. Woicke went on to say- â€Å"We have increased our exposure since democracy returned from almost nothing to almost $800 million and an exposure at the IFC of about $200 million. We have made a bigger bet to have the bank (WB) and the IFC work on Nigeria’s problems together. We were quite instrumental in advising the government on reforms in the telecom sector. We have been pushing very hard for privatization of other sectors.† Clearly, the advent of democracy had re-ignited interest in Nigeria. The initiation of a reform agenda by the new government was also playing a part in this renewed interest in Nigeria. Beyond financial commitments however, IFC was beginning to offer a great deal of other services towards developing the economic environment of business in Nigeria. As Mr. Woicke put it- â€Å"I actually think we should increase our presence quite (in Nigeria) dramatically. We don’t necessarily want to lend tons of money to Nigeria, because Nigeria has lots of resources. We can contribute in terms of providing advice, transferring technology, providing technical know-how in social, environmental and corporate governance issues† Indeed, the nature of IFC operations globally and increasingly in Nigeria were such that contribution was becoming greater in terms of technology, advice, social development, environmental assistance, corporate governance and ethical issues, and global competitiveness concerns. IFC had begun to realize that their market, and indeed their business model had reached a pivotal moment wherein clients had begun to expect more than just project finance deals and long term syndications. Governments were asking for help on private sector issues that went far beyond privatization or concession structuring. There had arisen a case for IFC involvement as much in the Economic as in the Social, Environmental, Technological, Global and indeed perhaps ultimately- Political Environment of Business. II. IFC- HISTORY AND EVOLUTION The International Finance Corporation (IFC) was founded in 1956 to